The SBU-BNL Seed Grant program serves to foster collaborative efforts between scientists at the University and BNL. It is a key opportunity for developing synergistic activities that can grow joint research programs aligned with the strategic plans of both institutions.  The SoMAS Faculty awards and their descriptions are listed below.

Faculty Daniel Knopf and Pavlos Kollias were awarded a 2018 SEED Grant to create “A Drone for Air Quality Measurements.”

Air pollution is the cause of millions of premature deaths per year globally. To improve monitoring and prediction of the physical and chemical processes that drive air pollution, frequent and economic atmospheric measurements are necessary. We will take advantage of the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and sensor miniaturization, using a drone to conduct meteorological and atmospheric chemistry measurements. We aim to develop a drone prototype that, in a modular fashion, allows in situ measurements of temperature, humidity, pressure, ozone, aerosol size distribution and collection of air samples for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM) analysis addressing U.S. EPA federal regulated air pollutants. The octocopter drone allows to bridge the data gap between ground site and research aircraft measurements. It facilitates measurements inside a pollution plume in a stationary manner or moving with the plume, not easily achievable by other means. The drone is a highly versatile platform and other applications, beyond the scope of this project, can be envisioned such as air mass sampling along tall buildings, chimney stacks, gas pipelines, or oil platforms and rapid employment in disaster situations. The UAV capabilities will be developed by the joint Stony Brook University-Brookhaven National Laboratory Center for Multiscale Applied Sensing (SBU-BNL-CMAS) that aims to integrate high resolution modeling and observations in urban and coastal areas.

SoMAS Joint Faculty Stephen Baines from the Department of Ecology of Evolution received a 2018 SEED Grant for “Using Hyperspectral Spectroradiometry to Estimate Nitrogen Removal in Wetlands.”

Wetlands provide a critical service to society by removing nitrogen pollution from surface and ground waters, thereby reducing the chances of harmful algal blooms, fin and shell-fish die-offs and destruction of habitats that acts as nurseries for key living resources. The key processes are hard to measure and therefore difficult to estimate on a landscape scale, making it hard to assess the value of these ecosystems. We will use easily observable above-ground plant traits to “scale up” to regional estimates of nitrogen removal from local measurements. Microbial denitrification, which converts bioavailable nitrate to inert nitrogen gas, is enhanced when plants promote cycles of oxygenation and de-oxygenation of associated soils. Therefore, traits related nitrate concentrations in soils, production of O2 via photosynthesis, delivery of that O2 to sediments, and use of O2 by microbial respiration are all related to microbial denitrification. We will first refine these relationships by collecting data on above and belowground plants traits, soil characteristics and denitrification along transects in three wetlands. We will then use high resolution reflectance spectrometry to infer various important plant traits, such as leaf nitrogen, water stress, and plant biomass. These measurements will be conducted at the plant level, at the canopy level using drone mounted sensors, and finally using airborne sensors provided by NASA. The spectral measurements will be related to denitrification via plants traits using established statistical methods. This data will provide the proof of concept needed to apply for NSF, NASA and DOE funding to establish clear mechanistic links that will enable regional projection of nitrogen removal by wetlands for different land-use, climate or sea level scenarios.

Previous SEED Grant Winners at SoMAS include Heather Lynch, Bruce Brownawell, Jeff Levinton, Brian Colle, Minghua Zhang, Dianna Padilla, Andrew Vogelmann, Anne McElroy, and Duane Waliser.

Above: Heartbeet Farm co-founders Jennifer Ross, left, and Ann Pellegrino

From Mobile Farm Stand Rolls into Stony Brook on SBU Happenings on June 22, 2018

The Faculty Student Association (FSA) is bringing fresh, local, organically grown produce through the mobile farm stand HeartBeet Farms, every Tuesday this summer, starting this June 26.

HeartBeet Farms is located only three miles from Stony Brook and it organically grows fresh fruits and vegetables. The farm is the brainchild of Ann Pellegrino, Co-Founder of HeartBeet Farms.

The farm grew out of her own experience of visiting food pantries and observing the lack of fruits and vegetables options.

“I was a single mom working two jobs and raising three kids. So, I would go to food pantries to get ‘boxed stuff’ that I was very grateful for, but they had no vitamins or nutrients in them,” Pellegrino said. “Years later, when I was more stable, I wanted to help feed people and give them fruits and vegetables that had nutrients and vitamins in them.”

Jennifer Ross, Heartbeet Farms Co-Founder and Marketing Strategist, added: “Our focus with HeartBeet Farms is really to serve the immediate community, like the Town of Brookhaven, Town of Smithtown, and the Town of Islip with local, organically grown produce. With Stony Brook University being only three miles away, it was a natural fit to partner with them, so the campus community could also enjoy farm fresh products.”

Ross said that HeartBeet Farms stands out because “we are extremely passionate about what we do. We have a commitment to really connect people to where their food is coming from. It’s not just about selling organic produce, it’s about educating people that food doesn’t just come from a box.”

HeartBeet Farms has also developed an internship program for Sustainability Studies students to bring more experiential learning opportunities to Stony Brook University and be able to participate in all aspects of working on and managing a farm that grows organic produce.

From June 26 to August 14 on Tuesdays the Heartbeet Farms Mobile Farm Stand Truck will be parked on Toll Drive, West Campus from 12pm-2:30pm and an indoor farm stand will be by the  Market Place Cafe, East Campus Hospital lobby, Level 5 from 3pm-5pm.

View the SoMAS Calendar of Events

Photo above, from left:  SoMAS Professors Larry Swanson, Malcolm Bowman and Carl Safina

From DEC ANNOUNCES NEW YORK OCEAN ACIDIFICATION TASK FORCE TO EVALUATE IMPACTS ON STATE’S COASTAL WATERS from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, August 22, 2018

Task Force to Examine Adaptive Strategies for Ocean Acidification in State Waters

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Commissioner Basil Seggos today announced the creation of a 14-member Ocean Acidification (OA) Task Force to assess impacts of acidification on the ecological, economic, and recreational health of New York’s coastal waters, work to identify contributing factors, and recommend actions to reduce and address negative impacts. The Task Force includes experts in climatology, hydrology, economics, marine fisheries, aquaculture, oceanography, and ecology. The task force’s first meeting will be scheduled this fall.

Commissioner Seggos said, “Governor Cuomo established New York’s Ocean Acidification Task Force to ensure that the best available science is used to assess and respond to this emerging threat to our coastal waters and fisheries. The task force is charged with providing New York with the tools and information to protect our natural resources from changing ocean chemistry and safeguard the long-term sustainability of our fisheries.”

Signed into law in 2016, the 14-member Task Force is composed of experts appointed by Governor Andrew M. Cuomo, the State Senate, the State Assembly, New York City, and Nassau and Suffolk counties. As the lead agency, DEC Commissioner Basil Seggos’ designee will chair the Task Force. The Task Force will also include representatives of the New York State Department of State and the Office of General Services.

The Task Force members named to date are:

• James F. Gennaro, Chair, DEC Deputy Commissioner (DEC designee)
• Marci Bortman, Director of Conservation Programs, The Nature Conservancy (Governor’s designee)
• Professor Malcolm J. Bowman, Distinguished Service Professor, Stony Brook University School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (Assembly designee)
• Todd Gardner, leader of the New York State Office of General Services green sustainability procurement team (OGS designee)
• David Gugerty, Democratic Commissioner of the Nassau County Board of Elections (Nassau County designee)
• Jeff Herter, Division of Community Resilience and Regional Programs, Office of Planning & Development, New York Department of State(DOS designee)
• John K. McLaughlin, Managing Director, Office of Ecosystem Services, NYC Department of Environmental Protection (New York City designee)
• Karen Rivara, Owner, Aeros Cultured Oyster Company and former president of the Long Island Farm Bureau (Suffolk County designee)
• Professor R. Lawrence Swanson, Former Dean and Director of the Stony Brook University School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (Governor’s designee)
• Professor Carl Safina, Endowed Research Chair for Nature and Humanity at Stony Brook University School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, and Director of the Safina Center, a not-for-profit research, educational, and environmental advocacy organization (Assembly designee)
• Jeremy Thornton, Former U.S. Navy SEAL and Strategic Markets Director at Janssen Pharmaceutica (Senate designee)

The task force will produce a report and an action plan, including:

• An assessment of the anticipated impacts of ocean acidification;
• Recommendations to provide stronger, more protective standards, and the implementation and enforcement of such standards in the context of OA;
• Recommendations for adaptive measures to respond to OA, including measures to identify and monitor early effects of ocean acidification on marine life, animals, plants, and natural communities, and integrate ocean acidification mitigation and adaptation strategies into state environmental plans;
• Recommendations on state and local regulatory and/or statutory actions to respond to the impacts of OA;
• A review of existing scientific literature and data on ocean acidification and how it has directly or indirectly affected or may potentially affect commercially harvested and grown species along the coast;
• Monitoring data on factors contributing to OA; and
• Recommendations to increase public awareness of OA.

The OA Task Force’s efforts will be supported by DEC’s Division of Marine Resources in East Setauket and faculty of the School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences at Stony Brook University.

When dissolved in water, atmospheric carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid. Increased levels of carbon dioxide are making ocean waters increasingly acidic. Ocean acidification can be further impaired by runoff and nutrient influx from land. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), each year the ocean absorbs approximately 25 percent of all the CO2 emitted by human activities, and ocean acidity has increased by about 30 percent since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The current rate of change of ocean acidification is faster than any time on record and 10 times faster than the last major acidification event 55 million years ago.

The Atlantic Ocean along the Northeast U.S. shore has the potential to be especially vulnerable to acidification because carbon dioxide is most soluble in cold water and the Northeast is subject to increasingly intense rain events leading to more intensive runoff. Still under scientific study, it is believed that ocean acidification could have an adverse impact on the marine fisheries industry.

New York’s marine resources are critical to the state’s economy, supporting nearly 350,000 jobs and generating billions of dollars through tourism, fishing and other industries. More than 500,000 anglers in the region will reap the benefits of this initiative, supporting the region’s growing marine economy which accounts for approximately 9.7 percent of Long Island’s total GDP.

Assemblyman Steve Englebright, Chair of Assembly Committee on Environmental Conservation, said, “One of the primary reasons I drafted this legislation is that we have a responsibility to prepare for the impacts of climate change, and that includes the impacts on the ocean. With millions of New Yorkers living near the coast, this Task Force has some important work to do. Like climate change, the process of ocean acidification is invisible. The work of the Ocean Acidification Task Force will bring the magnitude of this threat into plain sight and help us develop strategies to mitigate and adapt to ocean acidification. I am confident that the Task Force participants will be up to the challenge and look forward to seeing their findings.”

SoMAS celebrated Professor Roger Flood‘s retirement on August 22nd.

Photos taken by Malcolm Bowman are available on Google Photos.

View the SoMAS Calendar of Events

From Stony Brook Achieves Highest-Ever US News Ranking on Stony Brook News on September 10, 2018

Stony Brook University has been ranked No. 80 among U.S. colleges and universities by U.S. News & World Report, the highest ranking in the university’s history and up 17 places from No. 97 last year. Among public universities nationally, Stony Brook University ranks No. 32.

The U.S. News and World Report’s methodology focuses on qualitative and quantitative data with 16 metrics of academic excellence, including student outcomes, faculty resources, expert opinions, financial resources and student excellence. This year, improved graduation rates, smaller class sizes, and higher reputation scores from peers and high school counselors lifted the University’s overall ranking. The University’s record-high 72% graduation rate is five percentage points above the expected graduation rate of 67%.  The ranking notes how SoMAS students “conduct research on the RV Seawolf, at our waterfront Marine Sciences Center in Stony Brook Southampton, and in Jamaica, West Indies, at Discovery Bay Lab.”

Additionally, the University’s ranking among high school counselors improved by 20 places.

“While we are appreciative and pleased with the new data, Stony Brook has become a world-class institution not by managing toward rankings but rather by managing toward mission — exemplary academics, cutting-edge research, state-of-the-art health care, economic vibrancy, and celebrating diversity,” said Stony Brook University President Samuel L. Stanley Jr.

“Where rankings align with the mission to achieve outcomes, they can be a valuable tool. Initiatives we have put into place like Finish in 4, which have helped our students stay on track to graduate in four years, and the work of the campus advising team appear to have improved these numbers.”

These rankings also appear in The 2019 Best Colleges rankings and guidebook.

PRESS RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE DISTRIBUTION

STATEMENT BY THE NEW YORK-NEW JERSEY STORM SURGE WORKING GROUP

School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University

Hurricane Florence is another wake up call for the New York-New Jersey-Long Island region. Six years ago Sandy devastated the New York-New Jersey-Long Island Metropolitan region. Unfortunately, virtually nothing has been built to prevent a recurrence of its damage. We should not have to wait for a second superstorm before we act to protect the nation’s most densely populated and economically important region.

While some environmental advocates and New York City officials have called for caution and construction of half-measures to protect portions of the region piecemeal, these will leave a million and more residents unprotected, many of them living in low-income communities. This local approach will also not protect our most valuable infrastructure systems and economic assets.

Although Hurricane Florence now threatens the Carolinas, residents of the New York-New Jersey-Long Island Metropolitan region should be very alarmed by two characteristics of this storm and other recent hurricanes that will make future storms an even greater threat to our Metro region than Sandy was six years ago.

WAKE UP CALL FOR THE NEW YORK NEW JERSEY AND LONG ISLAND REGION

We did not heed the first wake up call from Superstorm Sandy. Our Metro region is just as unprotected and vulnerable as before Sandy. Millions of residents still live at risk.

New York City has ignored the imperative for a regional solution that transcends geographic and political boundaries and is pursuing a local solution which is likely to lead to failure in the decades ahead.

Florence’s rapid development from a tropical depression into a catastrophic category 4 hurricane in less than 48 hours is most alarming. The prediction is that the storm will stall for days near the coastline, creating even higher storm surges of longer duration and the potential for severe riverine and urban flooding due to predictions of 20+ inches of rainfall.

Meteorologists believe that both of these characteristics appear to be the result of climate change and are likely to shape development of future hurricanes that could threaten our region.

Here in the NY-NJ Metro region we dodged the bullet this time because a high pressure system over the North Atlantic forced Florence into a track that now threatens the Southeast Coast.

But we can be sure that future extreme storm events will again cause devastating storm surges across the metropolitan region.

And while it would be impossible to build hundreds of miles of seawalls to protect the vast low-lying coastline of the Carolinas and its low-density ribbon development from storm surges, we can protect our densely-developed region from similar devastation by building a system of offshore storm surge sea gates, as more than a dozen other global cities have already done.

WHERE WOULD THE SEA GATES BE LOCATED AND HOW MUCH WOULD THEY COST?

The first of these sea gates would be a five-mile long string of opening gates stretching from Breezy Point in the Rockaways, Long Island to Sandy Hook, NJ. A system of enhanced sand berms would stretch from the on-shore ends of each barrier along both peninsulas to prevent flood waters from breaching these low-lying barrier beaches. A second sea gate would be built across the northern end of the East River near the Throgs Neck Bridge to prevent Long Island Sound storm surges from inundating the city from the east.

This system would protect many hundreds of miles of low-lying floodable shoreline in both states, as well as all three major airports, rail and roadway tunnels, seaports, iconic landmarks such as the Statue of Liberty, hospitals and all of the region’s major business and population centers. Both gates would consist of movable sections that would remain open except during threatened storm surges, to permit unrestricted movement of tides, fish, marine mammals and sediments in settled weather, yet leave intact all of the natural features of the Hudson River and New York Harbor estuaries. This system would utilize established technology that has protected London and the Netherlands from storm surges for decades.

This system would cost an estimated $10-20 billion. While this seems like a very high cost, it is far less than the losses from Superstorm Sandy of more than $75 billion value of the region at risk with its $1.5 trillion economy. Further, it would protect the region for a century or more from threatened storm surges and prevent hundreds of billions in economic losses and loss of life.

NEW ORLEANS IS NOW PROTECTED FOLLOWING HURRICANE KATRINA

Following Katrina, the US Army Corps of Engineers built a similar $14.5 billion regional system to protect New Orleans from future hurricanes, and completed the project on-time and on-budget in less than five years. The Army Corps is now conducting a feasibility study of alternative measures to protect our region from storm surges, and we are pleased that one of the alternatives being considered is the Stony Brook Storm Surge Working Group’s proposed off-shore sea gate system.

The Storm Surge Working Group is strongly urging the Army Corps to proceed with a thorough examination of this alternative, and that if chosen, it be built on a similar accelerated construction schedule.

We must demand construction of a regional protection system that will protect the entire region from future devastation caused by future hurricanes like and worse than Florence.

For further information contact:

Malcolm Bowman, Distinguished Service Professor, School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences malcolm.bowman@stonybrook.edu |631-632-8669/cell 631-355-3120

Robert Yaro, Adjunct Professor, SoMAS

William Golden, Adjunct Professor, SoMAS

Thank you to everyone who came out to the New Student Barbeque on Friday! It was a humid day, but a great one for a cookout! We went through a whole lot of burgers, hot dogs, veggie burgers and all the fixings!

Special thanks to all the volunteers, including:

Diane Vigliotta, Ginny Clancy, Mark Wiggins, Mark Lang, Tom Wilson, Alex Sneddon, Steve Ortega, Steve Abrams, Ping Liu, Chrissy Ozelis, Christina Fink, Hanne Tracy, Paul Tompkins, Karin Schweitzer, Alyssa Stansfield, Wen Cong, Paulette Gerber, Kim Knoll, Liz Najman, Maureen Murphy, and Betsy Barrows.

Photos from the event taken by Ginny Clancy, Mark Lang and Tom Wilson are available on Google Photos

From Using Integrated Models to Assess NYC Flood Risks From Extreme Storms from Stony Brook News on September 26, 2018

Stony Brook, NY, September 26, 2018 – After Superstorm Sandy, the need to better understand stormwater flood risks and improve infrastructure in the metro area of New York City (NYC) became a priority. A new study, co-led by Professor Brian Colle, PhD, head of the Coastal Meteorology and Atmospheric Prediction group at Stony Brook’s School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (SoMAS), is now assessing stormwater flood risks in New York City by way of developing unique modeling and risk assessment tools.

The research team includes scientists from SoMAS, Brooklyn College (lead), The New School, the Stevens Institute of Technology, and Colorado State University. The project goals are to (1) determine the current and future flood risk in NYC from storm surge, heavy rainfall, and a combination of the two; (2) develop a modeling framework for NYC to identify flood risk areas using state-of-the-art atmospheric and hydrologic plus hydraulic models; and (3) analyze flood mitigation approaches as storms properties change and sea level rises during the next century. Colle notes that the risk for flooding from heavy rainfall in NYC has not been well quantified.

Major events have occurred in the region, such an August 14 rain event around Islip, NY, in which 13 inches of rain fell in a few hours. Professor Colle says that if this event had occurred over NYC, it would have been catastrophic.

The SoMAS group is helping the effort to develop historical and future climate flooding scenarios for NYC. These scenarios will demonstrate varied conditions for rainfall intensity; sea level rise; occurrence of coincident flooding from rainfall and surge or tidal inundation; and different spatially distributed rainfall. Colle explains that all of these scenarios will be completed by analyzing decades of historical surface observations, high resolution atmospheric model simulations of past events, and future climate runs.

The collaborative research initiative is supported by new funding from NYC’s Department of Environmental Protection and the Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency and totals $1.8 million.

About Stony Brook University

Stony Brook University is going beyond the expectations of what today’s public universities can accomplish. Since its founding in 1957, this young university has grown to become a flagship as one of only four University Center campuses in the State University of New York (SUNY) system with more than 26,000 students and 2,600 faculty members, and 18 NCAA Division I athletic programs. Our faculty have earned numerous prestigious awards, including the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, Indianapolis Prize for animal conservation, Abel Prize and the inaugural Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics. The University offers students an elite education with an outstanding return on investment: U.S. News & World Report ranks Stony Brook among the top 50 public universities in the nation. Its membership in the Association of American Universities (AAU) places Stony Brook among the top 62 research institutions in North America. As part of the management team of Brookhaven National Laboratory, the University joins a prestigious group of universities that have a role in running federal R&D labs. Stony Brook University is a driving force in the region’s economy, generating nearly 60,000 jobs and an annual economic impact of more than $4.6 billion. Our state, country and world demand ambitious ideas, imaginative solutions and exceptional leadership to forge a better future for all. The students, alumni, researchers and faculty of Stony Brook University are prepared to meet this challenge.

From “Kaylee Surace ’21 Says “No More” to Ocean Waste” on Stony Brook News

Sustainability Studies student Kaylee Surace ’21 is a student on a mission — she is committed to ocean conservation.

Drawn to the ocean since she was a child, Kaylee finally decided to express her enthusiasm in a public speaking class last semester. Her goal: persuade the audience to believe in what she fiercely embraces.

In her speech, Kaylee stressed ending the use of plastic straws; she underscored that motif to her audience of more than 50 students by repeating the phrase, “Say No More.”

After seeing their reaction Kaylee felt compelled to speak up for the ocean and try and influence her peers to “be the change.”

“I developed the idea a little further, going back and forth between how I wanted to spread the message and how I wanted people to be involved,” said Kaylee.

Kaylee and her best friend Rachel Wandzilak previously took part in an internship with the nonprofit ocean awareness group Lonely Whale, whose campaign Straw-less in Seattle provided inspiration for Kaylee’s No More Project.

The project debuted on June 8, 2018, which coincided with World Oceans Day.  In honor of that occasion Kayle and Rachel joined Surfider Foundation (Eastern Long Island Chapter)and JUST Water in cleaning up Ditch Plains Beach in Montauk, NY.

“The No More Project has helped me realize my true passion for ocean conservation,” said Kaylee.  “That’s why I chose sustainability studies as my major at Stony Brook, a school I chose not only for its prestige, but also for its green reputation and commitment to sustainability.”

Kaylee and allies clean up Long Island beaches.

Since dipping her toe in the ocean of conservation, Kaylee reports that getting people to listen is the real challenge.

“I think the easiest way to get an audience to receive the message you’re trying to relay is to just make it relatable,” she said. “I say the same thing to everyone who says things like ‘but it’s just one straw,  ‘I can’t stop eating sushi because I love it too much,’  ‘but I recycle my bottles.’ Everyone has a choice to make and those choices have repercussions. I believe that the people who are stubborn about the issue are either in denial or they just haven’t made the connection yet.”

“Looking at the legislatures we have elected and the laws we enacted in our society today, locally and globally, it’s obvious there is so much progress to be made,” Kaylee added. “We have laws regulating industrialized fishing, but these laws are not being enforced as strictly as they should be and that’s simply because we live in a country that favors de-regulated capitalism. Legislature can make a difference when it comes to climate change and protecting our oceans, but I truly believe that change is vested in popular sovereignty and in the people who make up a society.”

Kaylee describes the The No More Project as a mission to educate students about marine life and plastic pollution, and work with coastal businesses to ensure that sustainable alternatives to plastics are available to benefit both the business and the ocean communities.

Kaylee plans to visit various school districts and use social media to bring her message about ocean wildlife and the effects of pollution to children. She also hopes to hold environmentally informative events that are open to the public and aid all efforts to influence the marine communities to move away from single-use plastics and find more sustainable alternatives.

“Educating children is vital because the younger they are the more curious they are, and curiosity is at the heart of change,” said Kaylee. “Ocean conservation is something that’s easily put on the back burner because none of us here are living in the middle of the Pacific, so we can’t see the damage the way we see a plastic bag on the side of a highway. We aren’t seeing the coral bleaching, ocean acidification, and fish-less ecosystems. That’s the hard stuff to explain to the average citizen.”

With The No More Project, Kaylee aims to educate and encourage students at Stony Brook University to convey these concepts to the public.

For more information contact ksurace@thenomoreproject.org.

Kaylee’s Top 10 Tips for Sustainability:

1. Be mindful of your carbon footprint & reduce energy consumption
2. Make safe, sustainable seafood choices
3. Reduce the use of single-use plastic products
4. Clean the beaches
5. Be an ocean-friendly pet owner
6. Don’t purchase items that exploit marine life
7. Support organizations working to help protect our oceans such as The No More Project
8. Influence change in your community
9. Travel the ocean responsibly
10. Educate yourself about ocean life

—  Glenn Jochum